Photo by Akush Rathi + Pixabay
IDT200x
ADDIE
Learning Model
Originally developed for training the U.S. Military in 1975, the ADDIE model became a standard methodology of structuring results-oriented instructional design.
ADDIE is an acronym for each stage of its methodology: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Each phase of the ADDIE model relies upon the thoroughness of its very first phase, analyzing instructional goals and target audience.
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Also this week, the Instructional Design Document (IDD) for the minicourse, Bento Journey, features learner profiles for the Target Audience.
Background photo by Scott Webb
Key Phases of ADDIE
Analyze
Identify the learning gap and assess how to close it by pursuing more information on:
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Learning goals
desired outcome, competencies required; goals must be described in detail and measurable
Target audience
knowledge gap, skills, experience, demographics
Learning environment
organizational limitations, length of course, setting (onsite or online), physical requirements, impact
Resources needed
technical requirements (bandwidth, software, hardware, plugins, etc), delivery methods
Structure of course
module size and numbers, key points for knowledge assessment, grade weight per test, future use
Accessibility of knowledge sources
information source availability
Assessment criteria
grading method, means of measuring desired skill/knowledge acquisition.
Implement
Present deliverables to participants through
Instructor training
Instructor competency expectations: knowledge of course goals, activities, media content, tests​
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Learner preparations
Knowledge of tools, course goals and schedule, LMS orientation, learner application proficiency. Prerequisites and met.​
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Environment preparations
Tech and organizational requirements met, setting up equipment, computers meet required specs, software and plugins, classroom supplies (if in person)
Design
Build the framework and information flow for content and resources by determining:
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Course format
frontal teaching, manual, electronic course, or blended learning, chosen according to analysis
Education strategy
has four goals:
1. Preliminary activity (inform learners of topic to motivate by presenting learning advantages)
2. Course presentation (concise content plus examples for better comprehension)
3. Practice (opportunities to practice = faster retention with timely feedback)
4. Post-activity (summarize and review goals and compare with results, field questions)
Results evaluation
methods to determine goals have been met, rating standards (determined by target audience) to gauge level of effectiveness
Evaluate
Assess effectiveness of course by receiving user feedback via:
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Formative evaluation
conducted during learning process​
1. One-on-one: gauge effectiveness of learning material considering target audience for:
clarity – learner comprehension
impact – goal achievement
feasibility – effective in placement in curriculum
2. Small group: determine how effective in different sub groups
3. Field trial: realtime rehearsal
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Summative evaluation
proves worth of instruction
(Kirkpatrick training evaluation model)
1. Reaction: student questionnaire, 1-5 rating agree or disagree, "smile sheets"
2. Learning: knowledge and skills acquisition evaluation, done right after or after time has passed. Assign measurable value to results. Have the trained do the training.
3. Behavior: changes in behavior and acquired knowledge and skills employed; evaluation via observed behavior and focus groups
4. Results: financial results – results reflect goals set, performance improvement as result of training: productivity, quality, sales volume, employee retention, etc
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For accurate results, variables to add are, use of a control group (non-participants for comparison), increase passage of time to see retension, evaluation before and after training
Develop
Create preliminary model for stakeholder approval then create content
Prototype
concept sample for client and management approval, sampling of different page structures, brief course summary, (include education strategy doc from design stage)
Course materials (once approved)
diversified media for engagement (illustrations, videos, graphs, info graphics, tables, interactive tasks), logically sequenced content, learning goals in view, quality assurance (in tandem with other tasks) with fresh eyes from learner's perspective
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Each step can be happening simultaneously, module by module.
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Test run
Learners test and provide feedback; edited content retested, iterations cycled, course duration recorded; management and client feedback
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Implications of the ADDIE Model
As instructional design influencer, Devlin Peck, mentions, ADDIE is a great model to follow for novice instructional designers. I myself intend to follow its framework because:
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It's systematic: From needs analysis to evaluation, it provides a clear framework from which to begin to create instructional materials.
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It's goal-oriented: It helps you focus on reaching a course goal when developing content and assessments.
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It allows for customization: From its simple framework, you can customize according to your target audience, subject, and content
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It's iterative: Incorporating updates and feedback allows for ongoing refinement over its lifespan.
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Reasons to eventually integrate other approaches to this foundational framework
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In light of the speed of information updates and the technology involved in instructional design, ADDIE's pace seems overly ponderous.
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Again, ADDIE doesn't account for the technology that delivers the instructional design
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Initial analysis can't capture subsequent analyses that takes place as we construct the online course and assess its effectiveness. Realities can alter the course of initial estimates.
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ADDIE may demand more resources than you have available.
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Overall, ADDIE shows promise for my initial foray into instructional design with my minicourse, Bento Journey. There's a framework in place for myself, the novice, to follow in the footsteps of the U.S. military, to create a results-oriented program. I will definitely adapt a technology-oriented workflow into ADDIE though.
Works cited
edX. “Week 2: ADDIE Design Model.” USMx LDT200x, taught by Andrew Pron. UMGC. 2023, https://learning.edx.org/course/course-v1:USMx+LDT200x+3T2023.
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Gardner, J. Clark. The ADDIE Analysis Phase. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZdv5lrJs4U. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
Gardener, J. Clark. The ADDIE Design Phase. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch
v=BhLIiF9QyTo. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
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Gardener, J. Clark. The ADDIE Development Phase. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzYDNWhQWYA&t=1s. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
Gardener, J. Clark. The ADDIE Implementation Phase. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8yky6-P1Uw. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
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Gardener, J. Clark. The ADDIE Evaluation Phase. YouTube, YouTube, 25 Sept. 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBoI0wBo4vw. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
Peck, Devlin. The ADDIE Model of Instructional Design. YouTube, YouTube, 21 Dec. 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JB6aDdq3HTI. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
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Treser, Michael. “Getting to Know ADDIE: Part 1 – Analysis.” eLearning Industry, 12 May 2021, elearningindustry.com/getting-know-addie-analysis.
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Treser, Michael. “Getting to Know ADDIE: Part 2 – Design.” eLearning Industry, 12 May 2021, elearningindustry.com/getting-know-addie-design.
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Treser, Michael. “Getting to Know ADDIE: Part 3 – Development.” eLearning Industry, 12 May 2021, elearningindustry.com/getting-know-addie-development.
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Treser, Michael. “Getting to Know ADDIE: Part 4 – Implementation.” eLearning Industry, 12 May 2021, elearningindustry.com/getting-know-addie-implementation.
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Treser, Michael. “Getting to Know ADDIE: Part 5 – Evaluation.” eLearning Industry, 12 May 2021, elearningindustry.com/getting-know-addie-evaluation.